Optimization Contest Problem: Prove $x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1>0$ for all real $x$.

In one of my previous blog posts(optimization-contest-problem), we want to prove that $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,blue]{x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1}$ is always greater than zero for all real $x$, or more specifically, for $x\gt 1$.

Math educator should ask open questions that permit a greater variety of responses. This problem that is to prove  $x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1\gt 0$ offers us the best chance to achieve our goal to transform students in terms of their ability to think critically and rationally.

We can actually easily prove that $x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1\gt 0$ for all real $x$ if we employ one of the powerful heuristic strategy, by breaking the problem into cases, solve each case, divide and conquer!

Note that we can rewrite $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,purple]{x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1}$  in such a way that we can easily show it is always greater than $0$ for $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,purple]{x\ge -1}$.

$\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,purple]{\begin{align*}x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1&=x^4+(x^3-x)-(x^2-1)\\&=x^4+x(x^2-1)-(x^2-1)\\&=x^4+(x-1)(x^2-1)\\&=x^4+(x-1)(x-1)(x+1)\\&=x^4+(x-1)^2(x+1)\end{align*}}$

It is obvious that for $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,purple]{x\gt -1}$, both $x^4\ge 0$ and $(x-1)^2(x+1)\gt 0$.

So we can conclude that $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,purple]{x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1\gt 0}$for $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,purple]{x\ge -1}$.

Now, for the second part where we have to prove $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,green]{x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1\gt 0}$ for $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,green]{x\lt -1}$.

$\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,green]{\begin{align*}x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1&=(x^4+x^3-x^2-x)+1\\&=x(x^3+x^2-x-1)+1\\&=x(x-1)(x^2+2x+1)+1\\&=x(x-1)(x+1)^2+1\end{align*}}$

It's obvious that for $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,green]{x\lt -1}$, both $x\lt 0$ and $(x-1)\lt 0$ while $(x+1)^2\gt 0$.

Combining the signs, it must be true that $x(x-1)(x+1)^2\gt 0$ for $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,green]{x\lt -1}$, which means $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,green]{x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1\gt 0}$for $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,green]{x\lt -1}$.

All in all, we can say it out loud that $\displaystyle \color{yellow}\bbox[5px,blue]{x^4+x^3-x^2-x+1\gt 0}$ for all real $x$.